Source: COnnecting REpositories (CORE)
Author: Sendy Arum Mariyana
Research
ind 
Abstract: Turki adalah salah satu negara dengan perekonimian tinggi, seperti dikategorikan oleh Jim O\u27Neil sebagai bagian dari MIST (Meksiko, Indonesia, Korea Selatan, Turki), kelompok negara-negara yang memiliki pertumbuhan ekonomi tertinggi. Turki memiliki posisi strategis geopolitik karena terletak di Asia dan Eropa, dan juga calon kandidat kuat anggota Uni Eropa. Kebangkitan Turki dimulai saat membentuk dan memimpin D-8 sebagai kelompok negara delapan dengan mayoritas Muslim, selain itu Turki juga memiliki posisi strategis sebagai anggota North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Hal ini sangat menarik untuk diteliti ketika Turki tampaknya mengubah kebijakan luar negerinya menjadi \u27lebih Islami\u27 dan lebih dekat ke Timur Tengah. Penelitian ini menganalisis Turki sebagai kekuatan baru dan melihat evolusi kebijakan luar negeri Turki, terutama saat dipimpin oleh AKP (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi) pada tahun 2002. Analisis akan menggunakan analisis politik luar negeri. Serta, fokus penelitian ini menganalisa kebijakan luar negeri yang dinamis yang mempengaruhi paradigma yang lebih konstruktivis dengan menggunakan empat rumus kebijakan luar negeri yang sistematis, masyarakat, pemerintah, dan istimewa oleh James N. Rosenau. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif studi kasus sebagai metode penelitian. Penelitian ini akan melihat dalam jangka waktu untuk melihat karakteristik yang berbeda dari kebijakan luar negeri yang diimplementasikan oleh AKP dan partai politik pendahulunya. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan Perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Turki membuat Turki akan menjadi salah satu negara super power dengan menggunakan doktrin Strategic Depth untuk menerapkan kebijakan luar negerinya. Agar menjadi pemimpin dunia berikutnya, Turki telah menjadi kekuatan baru terutama di wilayah Timur Tengah. Selain itu, kebangkitan Turki mempengaruhi perannya dalam politik-keamanan dunia dan mempengaruhi posisinya di Uni Eropa dan NATO sebagai konsekuensi atas kebijakan luar negerinya. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan luar negeri Turki, kebangkitan Turki, pemerintahan AKP, Startegic DepthTurkey is one of rising economy, as it is categorized by Jim O\u27Neil as part of MIST, a group of countries which have highest economic growth. Turkey has also strategic geopolitical position since it is located both in Asia and Europe, and it is also a candidate of the EU member country. Rise of Turkey becomes strategic since it has been initiating and leading the D-8 as group of eight influential Muslim countries, besides Turkey also has strategic position as a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is very interesting to research, when Turkey seems to alter its foreign policy to be ‘more Islamic\u27 and closer to the East. This study analyses Turkey as a new rising power, as well as evolution of its foreign policy, particularly since it is led by the AKP (Adalet ve Kalkinme Partisi) in 2002. Analysis will be framed by using analyses of foreign policy approachment. Furthermore, this research focus to analyses its dynamic foreign policy that impact its paradigm to be more constructivist by using four foreign policy formula are systematic, societal, governmental, and idiosyncratic sources by James N. Rosenau. This research uses qualitative descriptive of case study as method also this study could look at this case within a period of time and also examines different characteristic of foreign policy that practiced by the AKP and its predecessor political parties. This research concluded the changing of Turkish foreign policy makes Turkey is going to be the Next World\u27s Leader by using Strategic Depth doctrine for implementing its foreign policy. In order being the next world leader, Turkey has rising to be the ‘new\u27 super power to lead regional especially in the Middle Eastern area. Moreover, the rising of Turkey cause of its role in the political-security capabilities and influences its position in EU and NATO as its consequence of its foreign policy. Keywords: Turkish Foreign Policy, rise of Turkey, AKP government, Strategic Depth DAFTAR PUSTAKA I. Wawancara Dzakirin, Ahmad. (2015, Juni, 24). Kebangkitan Turki di Bawah Pemerintahan AKP. (P.S, Mariyana, Interviewer). Hidayat, Syahrul. (2015, April, 04). Kebangkitan Turki di Bawah Pemerintahan AKP. (P.S, Mariyana, Interviewer). II. Buku Adler, Emily and Clark, Roger. (2011). An Invitation to Social Research: How It\u27s Done. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Ágoston, Gábor and Bruce Masters. (2009). Encyclopedia of The Ottoman Empire. New York: FactsOnLine. Alfian, Alfan. (2015). Militer dan Politik di Turki. Bekasi: Penjuru Ilmu. Altunışık, Meliha Benli. (2010). “Turkey: Arab Perspectives,” Foreign Policy Analysis Series. Istanbul: TESEV Publications. Arbel, Dan. (2014). “Analysis Paper: The U.S, Turkey-Israel Triangle”. Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings. Ari, Bülent. (2004). “Early Ottoman Diplomacy: Ad Hoc Period” dalam Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Uncoventional?. Pp. 36-65. New York: Palgrave Macmilan. Aydın, Mustafa. (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy Framework and Analysis. Ankara: Ankara University. Berk, Laura. (2007). Development through the lifespan. United Stated of America: Allyn and Bacon. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. New York: Sage Publications. Danim, Sudarwan. (2002). Menjadi Peneliti Kualitatif. Bandung : Pustaka Setia. Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald Blake. (1985). The Middle East and North Africa a Political Geography. New York: Oxford Press. Dzakirin, Ahmad. (2012). Kebangkitan Pos-Islamisme Analisis Strategi dan Kebijakan AKP Turki Memenangkan Pemilu. Solo: Era Adicitra Intermedia. Eby Hara, Abubakar. (2011). Pengantar Analisis Politik Luar Negeri: Dari Realisme sampai Konstruktivisme. Bandung: Nuansa. Folker, Jennifer Sterling. (2003). Making Sense of International Relations Theory. London: Lynne Rienner Publisher. Griffiths, Martin and Terry O\u27Callaghan. (2002). International Relations: The Key Concepts. Oxford: Routledge. Gürel, Şükrü Sina. (1993). "Turkish Foreign Policy in a Changing World", in Şükrü Sina Gürel and Yoshihura Kimura, Turkey in a Changing World. Tokyo: Institute of developing Economies. Hadi, Sutrisno. (1986). Metode Research. Jakarta: Andi Offset. Hakura, Fadi. (2003). A Briefing Paper: After the Boom: Risks to the Turkish Economy. London: Chatham House. Holsti, K.J. (1987). Politik Internasional: Kerangka Analisa. Jakarta: Pedoman Ilmu Jaya. Jackson, Robert dan George Sorensen. (2005). Pengantar Studi Hubungan Internasional (terj. Dadan Suryadipura Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Jeong, Ho-Won. (2000). Peace and Conflict Studies: An Introduction. Burlington: Ashgate. Karpat, Kemal H., et. All (1975). Turkey\u27s Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950-1974. Leiden: E.J. Brill Moleong, Lexy J. (2007). Metodologi Penelitan Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Ofset. Mufti, Malik. (2002). “From Swamp to Backyard: The Middle East in Turkish Foreign Policy,” in The Middle East Enters the 21st Century , ed. Robert O. Freedman. Pp. 80-110. Gainsville: University Press of Florida. Musfiqon. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan. Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka. Mukti, Ali. (1994). Islam dan Sekularisme di Turki Modern. Jakarta: Djambatan. Narbuko, Cholid dan H. Abu Achmadi. (2005). Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Nicolson, Sir Harold. (1988). Diplomacy. Institute for The Study Diplomacy Edition,Washington. Perwita, Anak Agung & Yanyan Mochamad Yani. (2014). Pengantar Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Plano, Jack. C & Roy Olton. (1999). Kamus Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Abardin. Rabasa, Angel dan F. Stephen Larrabee. (2008). The Rise of political Islam in Turkey. Pittsburgh: RAND Institute. Rosenau, James N, Gavin Boyd & Kenneth W, Thompson. (1976). World Politics: An Introduction. New York: The Free Press. Rosenau, James N. (1980). The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. New York: The Free Press. Roy, S.L. 1991. Diplomasi. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Schellenberg, James. A. (2006). Conflict Resolution: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: State University of New York. Shoelhi, Mohammad. (2011). Diplomasi: Praktik Komunikasi Internasional. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media. Sugiyono. (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung : Alfabeta. Wallensteen, Peter. (2002). Understanding Conflict Resolution : War, Peace and the Global System. London: SAGE Publisher. Yavuz, M. Hakan, (2006). Conservative Democracy and the Globalization of Freedom. Salt Lake: University of Utah Press. III. Jurnal Almasi, Hassan. (2011). “Investigating status of developing eight (D8) countries\u27 macroeconomic indices in line with developing economic cooperation with Iran”, African Journal of Business Management Vol. 6(20),P p. 6166-6176. Akyuz, Yilmaz. (2003). “The Making of Turkish Financial Crisis”, World Development Vol. 31, No. 9, 2003. Altunışık, Meliha Benli. (2009). “Worldviews and Turkish Foreign Policy in The Middle East”, New Perspectives on Turkey, no. 40 (2009), Pp. 171-194. Aybet, Gülnur. (2012). “Turkey\u27s Security Challenges and NATO”. Carnegie Europe, Pp. 1-6. Bac, M.M. dan Evrim Taskin. (2007). “Turkey\u27s Accession to The European Union: Does Culture and Identity Play a Role?”, Ankara Review of European Studies Volume: 6, No:2 (Spring: 2007), Pp. 31-50. Bul, Hedley. (1976). “Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations: The Second Martin Wight Memorial Lecture”. British Journal of International Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jul., 1976), pp. 101-116. Cagaptay, Soner. (2011). “Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP: The Rift with Washington: What Should Washington Do about Turkey\u27s Drift?”. Policy Notes: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy , Number 3. Pp. 13-15. Cornell, Svante. (2011). “Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP: The Rift with Washington: Axis Shift”. Policy Notes: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy , Number 3. Pp. 3-6. Dahlman, Carl. (2004). “Turkey\u27s Accession to the European Union: The Geopolitics of Enlargement”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2004, 45, No. 8, pp. 553-574. Davutoglu, Ahmet. (2008). “Turkey\u27s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007,” Insight Turkey, vol. 10, no 1, 2008, Pp. 77-96. Davutoglu, Ahmet. (2012). “Transformation of NATO and Turkey\u27s Position”, PERCEPTIONS, Spring 2012, Volume XVII, Number 1, Pp. 7-17. Demir, Omer, Mustafa Acar and Metin Toprak. (2004). “Anatolian Tigers or Islamic Capital: Prospects and Challenges”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.40, No.6, November 2004, Pp.166 – 188. Henze, Paul. (1982). "Turkey; On the Rebound", Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 6 (5), 1982, pp. 108-125. Kanat, Kilic Bugra. (2010). “AK Party\u27s Foreign Policy: Is Turkey Turning Away from the West?”, Insight Turkey Vol. 12 / No. 1 / 2010 pp. 205-225. Kirisci, Kemal. (2009). “The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The Rise of The Trading State”, New Perspectives on Turkey, no. 40 2009, Pp. 29-57. Küçükcan,Talip dan Müjge Küçükkeleş. (2013). “European Views of Turkish Foreign Policy”, Insight Turkey Vol. 15 / No 1 / 2013, pp. 127-144. Kutlay, Mustafa. (2008). “Is Turkey Drifting Away from the West? An Economic Interpretation”, Journal of Turkish Weekly, October 28, 2009. Kutlay, Mustafa. (2011). “Economy as the ‘Practical Hand\u27 of ‘New Turkish Foreign Policy\u27: A Political Economy Explanation”, Insight Turkey Vol. 13 / No. 1 / 2011, Pp. 67-88. Lesser, Ian. (2011). “Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP: The Rift with Washington: Nonalignment Revisited”. Policy Notes: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy , Number 3, pp.7-9. Oguzlu, Tarik. (2007). “Soft Power in Turkish Foreign Policy”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, No: 1, pp.81-97. Oguzlu Tarik. (2012). “Turkey\u27s Eroding Commitment to NATO: From Indentity to Interest,” The Washington Quarterly, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Summer 2012. Pp. 153-164. Onis, Ziya& Suhnaz Yilmaz. (2009). “ Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey during the AKP Era”, Turkish Studies, Vol: 10, No: 1, pp.7-24. Onis, Ziya. (2012). “Turkey and the Arab Spring: Between Ethics and Self-Interest”, Insight Turkey Vol. 14 / No. 3 / 2012 Pp. 45-63. Pramono, Sugiarto dan Andi Purwono. Konstruktivisme Dalam Studi Hubungan Internasional: Gagasan dan Posisi Teoritik. Pp. 14-20. Price, Richard and Christian Reus‐Smit. (1998). Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism. European Journal of International Relations., Vol.4 (3), Pp. 259‐94. Sambur, Bilal. (2009). “The Great Transformation of Political Islam in Turkey: The Case of Justice and Development Party and Erdogan”, European Journal of Economic and Political Studies Vol. 2, No. 2 2009, Pp. 117-127. Taspinar, Omer. (2011). “Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP: The Rift with Washington: Rise of ‘Turkish Gaullism'”. Policy Notes: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy , Number 3, pp. 10-12. Ülman, Haluk and R. H. Dekmejian, "Changing Patterns in Turkish Foreign Policy, 1959-1967", Orbis, Vol. XI (3), Fall 1967. Pp. 772-785. Wendt, Alexander. (1995). Constructing International Politics. International Security, Vol.20, No.1,Pp. 71‐81. Yurdusev, Nuri. (2004). “The Ottoman Attitude toward Diplomacy” dalam Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Uncoventional?. Pp. 1-35. New York: Palgrave Macmilan. Ulgen, Sinan. (2010). “A Place in the Sun or Fifteen Minutes of Fame?: Understanding Turkey\u27s New Foreign Policy”, Carnegie Europe Number 1, December 2010, Pp. 1-36. IV. Karya Ilmiah Aktas, Gulbahar Yelken. (2010). Thesis: Turkish Foreign Policy: New Concepts and Refelctions. V. Buletin Chatham House. (2013). Transcript: Negotiating the Rise of New Powers. Chatham House: London. Kuloglu, Armağan. (2009). ORSAM: 60 Years of Alliance: NATO and Turkey. Bursa: Coşkunöz Holding. NATO. (2010). Active Engagement, Modern Defense: Strategic Concept for the Defense and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO. Rethink Institute Washington DC. (2013). A Transcript of Turkey\u27s Foreign Policy Challenges. Rething Institute: Washington, DC. VI. Website Aini, Nur. (2013). Artikel dalam Republik Online “Pemerintah Turki Batasi Iklan dan Penjualan Alkohol”, on http://www.Republika.co.id/berita/Internasional/global/13/06/11/mo7u6k-pemerintah-turki-batasi-iklan-dan-penjualan-alkohol BBC Indonesia. (2010). “Turki referendum amandemen UUD”, on http://www.bbc.com/Indonesia/dunia/2010/09/100912_turkeyreferendum.shtml D8. (2015). “Brief History of D-8”. Available on http://www.developing8.org/About.aspx Daniel, Wahyu. (2010). “Kisah Turki yang Sukses \u27Hilangkan\u27 6 Nol Mata Uangnya” on http://finance.detik.com/read/2010/08/05/135814/1414206/5/2/kisah-turki-yang-sukses-hilangkan-6-nol-mata-uangnya Detik. (2010). “Israel Serukan Warganya Boikot Pariwisata di Turki”. on http://news.detik.com/read/2010/11/01/000857/1480974/10/Israel-serukan-warganya-boikot-pariwisata-di-turki Dombey, Daniel. (2014). “Six Markets to Watch: Turkey How Erdogan Did It -- and Could Blow It”. Available on http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140338/daniel-dombey/six-markets-to-watch-Turkey DW. (2011). “Angkatan Laut Turki Akan Kawal Kapal Bantuannya ke Gaza”. on http://www.dw.com/id/angkatan-laut-turki-akan-kawal-kapal-bantuannya-ke-gaza/a-15376247 DW. (2011).” Komisi PBB Mulai Bahas Kejadian di Kapal \u27Mavi Marmara'”. on http://www.dw.com/id/komisi-pbb-mulai-bahas-kejadian-di-kapal-mavi-marmara/a-5882855 Invest in Turkey. (2015). “Special Investment Zones”. on http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/investmentguide/investorsguide/Pages/SpecialInvestmentZones.aspx Era Muslim. (2008). “"Bulan Madu" Partai Islam AKP Turki dan Junta Militer Sekuler”, on http://www.eramuslim.com/berita/dunia-islam/quot-bulan-madu-quot-partai-islam-akp-turki-dan-junta-militer-sekuler.htm#.VPwFG_mUc3k Era Muslim. (2011). “Turki Membatalkan Semua Hubungan Kerjasama Dengan Israel”. on http://www.eramuslim.com/berita/dunia-islam/turki-membatalkan-semua-hubungan-dengan-Israel.htm Handoko, Ervan. (2015). “Kekalahan Erdogan Berpotensi Picu Turbulensi Politik di Turki”, on http://Internasional.kompas.com/read/2015/06/08/19524221/Kekalahan.Erdogan.Berpotensi.Picu.Turbulensi.Politik.di.Turki Hurriyet Daily News. (2014). “Parliament debates alcohol bill with ayran jokes”, on http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/parliament-debates-alcohol-bill-with-ayran-jokes.aspx?pageID=238&nID=47349&NewsCatID=338 Huriyet Daily News. (2015). “MHP leader mocks CHP offer, lines up conditions for AKP coalition” on http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/mhp-leader-mocks-chp-offer-lines-up-conditions-for-akp-coalition.aspx?PageID=238&NID=84265&NewsCatID=338 Huriyet Daily News. (2015). “Turkey\u27s MHP shuns CHP\u27s offer, winks at AKP for coalition” on http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Turkeys-mhp-shuns-chps-offer-winks-at-akp-for-coalition.aspx?pageID=238&nID=84262&NewsCatID=338 Kompas. (2010). “Melumpuhkan Dominasi Militer Turki”, on http://Internasional.kompas.com/read/2010/09/14/03331620/Melumpuhkan.Dominasi.Militer.Turki Kompas. (2014). “Organisasi Amal Turki Akan Kirim Kapal Bantuan ke Gaza”. on http://Internasional.kompas.com/read/2014/08/11/21163861/Organisasi.Amal.Turki.Akan.Kirim.Kapal.Bantuan.ke.Gaza Kushnirs. (2011). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Turkey, on http://kushnirs.org/macroeconomics/gdp/gdp_turkey.html Onis, Ziya. (2006). “Globalization and party transformation: Turkey\u27s Justice and Development Party in perspective” on http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/globalization-and-party-transformation-ziya-onis-2005-2006.pdf Oke Zone. (2011). “Hubungan Turki dan Israel kian Membeku”. on http://news.okezone.com/read/2011/09/06/412/499455/hubungan-turki-Israel-kian-membeku Okezone. (2014). “Erdogan Pimpin Perolehan Suara Pilpres di Turki”. on http://news.okezone.com/read/2014/08/11/413/1022597/erdogan-pimpin-perolehan-suara-pilpres-turki Rakyat Merdeka. (2013). “Hindari Kudeta Militer, Turki Amandemen UU”, on http://dunia.rmol.co/read/2013/07/15/118559/Hindari-Kudeta--Militer,-Turki--Amandemen-UU- Republika. (2011). “Turki Siap Perang dengan Israel”. on http://www.republika.co.id/berita/Internasional/palestina-Israel/11/09/24/ls0fcw-turki-siap-perang-dengan-Israel Solgun, Cafer. (2015). “The meaning of an AKP-MHP coalition government” on http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/cafer-solgun/the-meaning-of-an-akp-mhp-coalition-government_391008.html The Guardian. (2011). “After BRIC comes MIST, the acronym Turkey would certainly welcome”, on http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/feb/01/emerging-economies-Turkey-jim-oneill The World Bank. (2015). Data GDP (Curent US$) on http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD The World Bank. (2015). Data GDP per Capita (Curent US$) on http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD Todayszaman. (2010). Mavi Marmara ship gets hero\u27s welcome in İstanbul. on http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_mavi-marmara-ship-gets-heros-welcome-in-istanbul_230780.html Zagami, Attorney Paolo dan Ms. Valeria Bicchi. (2012). MIST Countries: the new emerging markets. on http://www.zagamilaw.com/downloads/Articles/mist-countries-the-new-emerging-markets.pd