NDLI: Sources of high-chloride water and managed aquifer recharge in an alluvial aquifer in California, USA

Content Provider	SpringerLink
Author	O’Leary, David R. Izbicki, John A. Metzger, Loren F.
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	As a result of pumping in excess of recharge, water levels in alluvial aquifers within the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, 130 km east of San Francisco (California, USA), declined below sea level in the early 1950s and have remained so to the present. Chloride concentrations in some wells increased during that time and exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency’s secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 mg/L, resulting in removal of some wells from service. Sources of high-chloride water include irrigation return in 16 % of sampled wells and water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater in 50 % of sampled wells. Chloride concentrations resulting from irrigation return commonly did not exceed 100 mg/L, although nitrate concentrations were as high as 25 mg/L as nitrogen. Chloride concentrations ranged from less than 100–2,050 mg/L in wells affected by water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater. Sequential electromagnetic logs show movement of high-chloride water from delta sediments to pumping wells through permeable interconnected aquifer layers. δD and δ$^{18}$O data show most groundwater originated as recharge along the front of the Sierra Nevada, but tritium and carbon-14 data suggest recharge rates in this area are low and have decreased over recent geologic time. Managed aquifer recharge at two sites show differences in water-level responses to recharge and in the physical movement of recharged water with depth related to subsurface geology. Well-bore flow logs also show rapid movement of water from recharge sites through permeable interconnected aquifer layers to pumping wells.Du fait de pompages excessifs dans la zone de recharge, les niveaux piézométriques d’aquifères alluviaux du sous-bassin de l’est de San Joaquin, 130 km à l’est de San Francisco (Californie, USA), ont baissé en dessous du niveau de la mer au début des années 1950 et se maintiennent depuis à ces bas niveaux. La concentration en chlorure dans quelques forages a augmenté lors de cette période jusqu’à dépasser la valeur maximum de 250 mg/L fixée par l’Agence pour la Protection Environnementale Américaine (US EPA), entrainant l’arrêt de l’utilisation de certains forages. L’origine de ces eaux enrichies en chlorures comprend la réinfiltration des eaux d’irrigation pour 16 % des forages échantillonnées et les eaux des sédiments du delta et les eaux souterraines plus profondes pour 50 % des forages échantillonnés. Les concentrations en chlorures résultant de la réinfiltration des eaux d’irrigation ne dépassent généralement pas 100 mg/L alors que les concentrations en nitrates sont élevées atteignant 25 mg/L d’azote. Les concentrations en chlorure sont comprises entre moins de 100 à 2,050 mg/L dans les forages influencés par les eaux des sédiments du delta et les eaux souterraines plus profondes. Des profils électromagnétiques séquentiels montrent le mouvement des eaux riches en chlorures des sédiments du delta vers les forages pompés au travers des niveaux perméables interconnectés. Les données de δD et δ$^{18}$O montrent que la plupart des eaux souterraines proviennent de la recharge le long du front de la Sierra Nevada. Toutefois les données de tritium et carbone-14 suggèrent que le taux de recharge dans ce secteur est faible et a diminué avec les temps géologiques. La gestion des systèmes de recharge des aquifères sur deux sites montre des différences dans la réponse du changement de niveau avec la recharge et dans le mouvement physique de l’eau rechargée avec la profondeur en relation avec la géologie de sub-surface. Les profils de flux des forages montrent un mouvement rapide des eaux depuis les sites de recharge au travers des niveaux aquifères perméables interconnectés vers les forages pompés.Como resultado de un excesivo bombeo con relación a la recarga, los niveles de agua en los acuíferos aluviales dentro de la subcuenca oriental de agua subterránea de San Joaquín, 130 km al este de San Francisco (California, EEUU), se profundizaron por debajo del nivel del mar en los primeros años de la década de 1950 y han permanecido así hasta la actualidad. Las concentraciones de cloruro en algunos pozos aumentaron durante ese tiempo y excedieron los niveles secundarios máximo de contaminantes de 250 mg/L de la US Environmental Protection Agency, lo que resultó en la remoción del servicio de algunos pozos. Las fuentes de agua de altamente cloruradas incluyen al retorno del riego en 16 % de los pozos muestreados y al agua de los sedimentos deltaicos y de las aguas subterráneas más profundas en el 50 % de los pozos muestreados. Las concentraciones de cloruro resultantes del retorno de riego comúnmente no excedieron los 100 mg/L, aunque las concentraciones de nitratos como nitrógeno llegaron a ser de hasta 25 mg /L. Las concentraciones de cloruro oscilaron desde menos de 100 a 2,050 mg/L en los pozos afectados por el agua de los sedimentos deltaicos y por las aguas subterráneas más profundas. Los registros electromagnéticos secuenciales muestran el movimiento del agua de alto contenido de cloruro desde los sedimentos deltaicos a los pozos de bombeo a través de las capas permeables interconectadas de los acuíferos. Los datos de δD y δ$^{18}$O muestran que la mayor parte de las aguas subterráneas se originaron como recarga a lo largo del frente de la Sierra Nevada, pero los datos de tritio y carbono-14 sugieren que las tasas de recarga en esta área son bajas y tuvieron una disminución a lo largo del tiempo geológico reciente. El manejo de la recarga de acuíferos en dos sitios muestran diferencias en las respuestas de nivel de agua en la recarga y en el movimiento físico de agua recargada con la profundidad en relación con la geología del subsuelo. Los perfilajes de flujo en los pozos también muestran un rápido movimiento del agua desde sitios de recarga de acuíferos a través de capas permeables interconectadas hacia los pozos de bombeo.由于抽水超过补给,上世纪50年代早期(美国加利佛尼亚州)旧金山以东130公里东圣华金河地下水次流域内的冲积含水层水位降到海平面以下,至今仍然低于海平面。那个时期有些井水中的氯离子含量增加,超过了美国环境保护署中级最高污染物含量250 mg/L的标准,致使一些井停止使用。高氯水的来源包括16%的采样井灌溉回流、三角洲沉积物中的水及50 %采样井中的深层地下水。起因于灌溉回流的氯含量通常不超过100 mg/L,尽管硝酸盐含量如氮一样高达 25 mg/L。在受三角洲沉积物中水和深层地下水影响的井中,氯含量范围从不到100 mg/L至2,050 mg/L。连续电磁波测井显示,高氯水通过透水的相互连接的含水层各层从三角洲沉积物向抽水井运移。δD 和 δ$^{18}$O资料显示,大部分地下水沿内华达山脉前锋进行补给,但氚和碳14资料显示,本地区的补给率非常低,在最近的地质时代中呈下降趋势。随着与地表以下地质条件相关的深度增加,在补给的水位响应上和补给的水物理运移上,两个地区所进行的管理的地下水补给显示有差别。井-孔水流测井也显示,补给点的水通过透水的相互连接的含水层各层快速运移至抽水井。Em resultado ao bombeamento superior à recarga, os níveis de água em aquíferos aluviais na sub-bacia hidrogeológica oriental do San Joaquin, 130 km a leste de São Francisco (Califórnia, EUA), desceram abaixo do nível do mar no início dos anos 50 e têm-se mantido assim até ao presente. As concentrações de cloreto em alguns poços subiram durante esse período e ultrapassaram o nível secundário de máxima contaminação de 250 mg/L, resultando na remoção de alguns poços de serviço . As origens de água com elevado teor de cloreto incluem retornos de água de rega em 16 % dos poços amostrados e água proveniente de sedimentos deltaicos e água subterrânea mais profunda em 50 % dos poços amostrados. As concentrações de cloreto proveniente de retorno de água de irrigação quase nunca excedem 100 mg/L, enquanto que as concentrações de nitrato expressas em nitrogénio eram tão altas como 25 mg/L. Em poços afetados por água proveniente de sedimentos deltaicos e água subterrânea profunda as concentrações de cloreto variaram entre menos de 100 até 2,050 mg/L. Registros eletromagnéticos sequenciais mostra o deslocamento de águas ricas em cloreto, vindas dos sedimentos deltaicos, para os poços em bombeamento através de camadas aquíferas permeáveis interconectadas. Dados de δD e δ$^{18}$O mostram que a maior parte da água teve como origem a recarga ao longo da frente da Serra Nevada, mas o trítio e o carbono-14 sugerem que as taxas de recarga nesta área são baixas e têm-se reduzido ao longo do tempo geológico recente. A recarga de aquíferos gerida em dois locais mostra que as diferenças nos níveis de água respondem à recarga e ao movimento físico da água de recarga, com a profundidade relacionada com a geologia subsuperficial. Perfilagem do fluxo interno dos poços também mostram um deslocamento rápido da água proveniente dos locais de recarga na direção dos poços de bombeamento através de camadas aquíferas permeáveis interconectadas.
Starting Page	1515
Ending Page	1533
Page Count	19
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	23
Issue Number	7
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	Portuguese
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2015-07-03
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Water supply Groundwater recharge/water budget Groundwater management Heterogeneity USA Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Water Quality/Water Pollution Geophysics/Geodesy Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Water Science and Technology Earth and Planetary Sciences

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