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  1. European Journal of Applied Physiology
  2. European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102
  3. European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102, Issue 2, January 2008
  4. The critical velocity in swimming
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European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 116
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 115
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 114
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 113
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 112
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 111
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 110
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 109
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 108
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 107
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 106
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 105
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 104
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 103
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102, Issue 6, April 2008
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102, Issue 4, March 2008
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102, Issue 5, March 2008
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102, Issue 3, February 2008
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102, Issue 2, January 2008
Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength
Kinetics of creatine ingested as a food ingredient
Resistance exercise-induced increase in muscle mass correlates with p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in human subjects
Prefrontal cortex oxygenation and neuromuscular responses to exhaustive exercise
The critical velocity in swimming
Accelerometer-measured daily physical activity among octogenerians: results and associations to other indices of physical performance and bone density
Cardiorespiratory responses during three repeated incremental exercise tests in sickle cell trait carriers
The influence of crank length and cadence on mechanical efficiency in hand cycling
Effect of exercise mode on heart rate variability during steady state exercise
The effects of whey protein on myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression responses to a single heavy resistance exercise bout in trained older men
Neuromuscular performance and bone structural characteristics in young healthy men and women
Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older women
Knee angle-dependent oxygen consumption of human quadriceps muscles during maximal voluntary and electrically evoked contractions
Relationship between erector spinae muscle oxygenation via in vivo near infrared spectroscopy and static endurance time in healthy males
Prefrontal cortex oxygenation and neuromuscular responses to exhaustive exercise
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 102, Issue 1, December 2007
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 101
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 100
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 99
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 98
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 97
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 96
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 95
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 94
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 93
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 92
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 91
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 90
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 89
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 88
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 87
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 86
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 85
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 84
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 83
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 82
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 81
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 80
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 79
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 78
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 77
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 76
European Journal of Applied Physiology : Volume 75

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The critical velocity in swimming

Content Provider SpringerLink
Author Prampero, Pietro E. Dekerle, Jeanne Capelli, Carlo Zamparo, Paola
Copyright Year 2007
Abstract In supra-maximal exercise to exhaustion, the critical velocity (cv) is conventionally calculated from the slope of the distance (d) versus time (t) relationship: d = I + St. I is assumed to be the distance covered at the expense of the anaerobic capacity, S the speed maintained on the basis of the subject’s maximal O2 uptake $$(\dot{V}\hbox{O}_{\rm 2max}).$$ This approach is based on two assumptions: (1) the energy cost of locomotion per unit distance (C) is constant and (2) $$\dot{V}\hbox{O}_{2\rm{max}}$$ is attained at the onset of exercise. Here we show that cv and the anaerobic distance (d anaer) can be calculated also in swimming, where C increases with the velocity, provided that $$\dot{V}\hbox{O}_{2\rm{max}},$$ its on-response, and the C versus v relationship are known. d anaer and cv were calculated from published data on maximal swims for the four strokes over 45.7, 91.4 and 182.9 m, on 20 elite male swimmers (18.9 ± 0.9 years, 75.9 ± 6.4 kg), whose $${\dot{V}}\hbox{O}_{2\rm{max}}$$ and C versus speed relationship were determined, and compared to I and S obtained from the conventional approach. cv was lower than S (4, 16, 7 and 11% in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and front crawl) and I (=11.6 m on average in the four strokes) was lower than d anaer. The latter increased with the distance: average, for all strokes: 38.1, 60.6 and 81.3 m over 45.7, 91.4 and 182.9 m. It is concluded that the d versus t relationship should be utilised with some caution when evaluating performance in swimmers.
Starting Page 165
Ending Page 171
Page Count 7
File Format PDF
ISSN 14396319
Journal European Journal of Applied Physiology
Volume Number 102
Issue Number 2
e-ISSN 14396327
Language English
Publisher Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date 2007-09-28
Publisher Place Berlin/Heidelberg
Access Restriction One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword Performance Critical speed Exercise Anaerobic capacity Maximal aerobic power Sports Medicine Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Human Physiology
Content Type Text
Resource Type Article
Subject Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physiology (medical) Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sports Science
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