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  1. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
  2. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81
  3. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81, Issue 4, October 2008
  4. DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa
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Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 97
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 96
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 95
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 94
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 93
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 92
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 91
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 90
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 89
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 88
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 87
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 86
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 85
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 84
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 83
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 82
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81, Issue 6, December 2008
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81, Issue 5, November 2008
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81, Issue 4, October 2008
Reduction of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Toxicity in Refinery Wastewater by Bioremediation
Assessment of Extractants for the Determination of Thallium in an Accidentally Polluted Soil
Distribution of Organochlorine Compounds in Pine Needles Collected in Zagreb
DDT and HCH Isomer Levels in Soils, Carrot Root and Carrot Leaf Samples
DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa
Calculation of Pesticide Degradation in Decaying Cotton Gin Trash
Analytical Method for Estimation of a New Insecticide Flubendiamide and its Safety Evaluation for Usage in Rice Crop
Persistence of a Neonicotinoid Insecticide, Acetamiprid on Chili (Capsicum annum L.)
Dissipation Behavior of Lufenuron, Benzoylphenylurea Insecticide, in/on Chinese Cabbage Applied by Foliar Spraying Under Greenhouse Conditions
Determination of Pesticide Residue in Soil, Water and Grain from IPM and Non-IPM Field Trials of Rice
Analysis of Eight Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Fresh Vegetables Retailed in Agricultural Product Markets of Nanjing, China
Decrease of 4,5,6,7-Tetrachlorophthalide in Paddy Field Soil After Aerial Application
Microbiological Quality and Organochlorine Pesticide Residue in Commercially Available Ready-To-Eat Raisins
Monitoring of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Vegetables of Agricultural Area in Venezuela
Effects of Repeated Applications of Chlorpyrifos on its Persistence and Soil Microbial Functional Diversity and Development of its Degradation Capability
Analytical Method Developed for Measurement of Dialkylphosphate Metabolites in Urine Collected from Children Non-Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides in an Agricultural Community in Thailand
Urinary Arsenic Speciation and its Correlation with 8-OHdG in Chinese Residents Exposed to Arsenic Through Coal Burning
PM2.5 and Associated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Mutagenicity Emissions from Motorcycles
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Surface Sediments of Beiluohe Basins, China
Spectrophotometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide in Water and Cream Samples
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81, Issue 3, September 2008
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81, Issue 2, August 2008
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 81, Issue 1, July 2008
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 80
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 79
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 78
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 77
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 76
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 75
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 74
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 73
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 72
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 71
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 70
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 69
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 68
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 67
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 66
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 65
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 64
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 63
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 62
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 61
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 60
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 59
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : Volume 58

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DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa

Content Provider SpringerLink
Author Okonkwo, Jonathan Okechukwu Mutshatshi, Tshinanne N. Botha, Ben Agyei, Nana
Copyright Year 2008
Abstract Human breast milk samples (n = 30) were collected from mothers within the age range of 19–40 years from Thohoyandou area, South Africa. DDT and its metabolites were extracted from the milk samples using diethyl ether. The crude extracts were subjected to column chromatography. The eluates were then evaporated on a stream of nitrogen up to 0.5 mL. One microliter of the cleaned extracts were injected into GC-ECD for selected organochlorine compounds. The sum total of DDT and its metabolites from each village ranged from not detectable for DMS, GNN and THN to 1,930 ng g−1 fat wt for BDL while ΣDDE ranged from 1.32 ng g−1 fat wt for GNN to 2,570 ng g−1 fat wt for TKD. ΣDDD ranged from not detectable for GNN to 4,060 ng g−1 fat wt for MNN. ΣDDE was the most predominant followed by ΣDDD and finally ΣDDT. This was an indication of breakdown of the parent compound, DDT. Some villages namely, Lufule and Budeli, and Maniini and Makhuvha exhibited similar DDT occurrence of 89% in their areas. Other villages, DMS, TLM, and MND and TKD showed a similarity percentage of 82% while others showed similarities of 75% for GNN and MTT, 69% and 65% for MPG and THN respectively. A significant cluster of DDT and its metabolites between the infants’ weight range of 2.5–3.9 kg/body wt was observed. Increase in lipid content was followed by a decrease in the sum DDT in the older mothers (27–30). The estimated daily intake varied from 260 to 4,696 ng/g, nd-10,551 ng/g and nd-4,237 ng/g for DDE, DDD and DDT respectively. These values are significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 20 ng/g. The ΣDDT was found to decrease with increasing age of the mothers. The observed high levels of DDE compared to DDT indicated chronic exposure of the mothers to DDT, which is metabolised to DDE and retained in the body.
Starting Page 348
Ending Page 354
Page Count 7
File Format PDF
ISSN 00074861
Journal Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Volume Number 81
Issue Number 4
e-ISSN 14320800
Language English
Publisher Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date 2008-07-29
Publisher Place New York
Access Restriction One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword DDT DDE DDD Human milk South Africa Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution Environmental Chemistry Soil Science & Conservation Ecotoxicology Environmental Health Pollution
Content Type Text
Resource Type Article
Subject Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Pollution Medicine Toxicology
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